The history of the Jews in Spain spans over two millennia, marked by periods of both flourishing and persecution. Early Jewish communities faced discrimination under Roman, Visigoth, and later Christian rule, with severe restrictions and violence intensifying over the centuries. The arrival of Muslim rulers in the eighth century ushered in a Golden Age, where Jews thrived in culture, science, and government, but this prosperity ended as Muslim unity fractured and Christian power grew.

From the late Middle Ages, antisemitic laws and violence escalated, culminating in the brutal Inquisition and the expulsion of Jews in 1492, which forced many to convert, flee, or face death. Despite brief periods of tolerance and later opportunities for return, antisemitism persisted in Spanish culture and law for centuries. In recent years, Spain has taken steps to reconcile with its Jewish past, granting citizenship to descendants of those expelled, yet the legacy of this tragic history remains deeply felt among Jews worldwide.