The Group of Twenty summit in Johannesburg concluded amid diplomatic tensions between South Africa and the United States, after South Africa refused to hand over the bloc's presidency to a lower-level U.S. official. The U.S. boycotted the summit over allegations of discrimination against the Afrikaner minority, and South Africa insisted on a handover only at the head-of-state or ministerial level. Despite the discord, South Africa led the summit to issue a leaders' declaration on the opening day, focusing on climate change, global inequality, and support for poorer nations, though some key proposals were omitted from the final document. The declaration received broad support from most member countries, but the summit's effectiveness in addressing major global crises, such as the Russia-Ukraine war, was questioned. Activists and African leaders nonetheless hailed the summit as a milestone for prioritizing the needs and perspectives of developing countries.