Up to 3.2 million people have been displaced within Iran since the outbreak of the Middle East war, according to the United Nations refugee agency. Preliminary assessments indicate that between 600,000 and one million households have been forced to flee, with numbers expected to rise as hostilities continue.

Most of those displaced have fled Tehran and other major cities, seeking safety in northern regions and rural areas. The conflict began on February 28 when the United States and Israel launched attacks, prompting retaliatory strikes by Iran across the Gulf region.

Refugee families already living in Iran, many of them from Afghanistan, have also been affected and are considered especially vulnerable due to limited support networks. The agency said it is working with national authorities to expand its response and stressed the urgent need to protect civilians, maintain humanitarian access, and keep borders open to those seeking safety.