India and Pakistan have a long history of military and diplomatic escalations, with major incidents dating back to 1999. The two countries have engaged in conflicts such as the Kargil war, the 2001 attack on India's parliament, the 2008 Mumbai attacks, and the 2016 attack on an Indian Air Force base. Tensions escalated in 2019 with a suicide bombing in Kashmir, leading to air strikes and a standoff between the two nuclear-armed neighbors.