Ten years after the Paris attacks, the global jihadist threat has shifted, with Islamic State and Al-Qaeda losing much of their central leadership and operational capacity in the Middle East. Analysts note that while these groups are less able to orchestrate large-scale attacks in Europe, their affiliates remain highly active in Africa, where they are destabilizing regions such as the Sahel and threatening local governments. The threat to Europe now comes mainly from individuals inspired by jihadist ideology rather than coordinated cells. Despite reduced capacity, jihadist groups continue to pursue their goal of establishing Islamist rule, with Africa now seen as the epicentre of their activities.