The story of Italy's Jews under fascism is a tale of paradox and betrayal. Benito Mussolini, the leader of fascist Italy, began his reign with Jewish friends and patrons, but ended it as Hitler's willing accomplice, overseeing the racial degradation and deportation of Italian Jews. The Jews of Italy, who had long believed themselves to be inseparably Italian, were stripped of their civil rights and subjected to persecution and discrimination. Many Italian Jews, including prominent figures, supported fascism and believed in Mussolini's vision to restore the glory of the Roman Empire. However, their loyalty and faith in Mussolini ultimately led to their undoing.