Emanuel Elstein explores the philosophical and Torah-based justifications for appointing a king or establishing a strong state. Drawing on Thomas Hobbes' view that a powerful government is necessary to prevent chaos and violence, Elstein contrasts this with the Torah's approach, which emphasizes limiting the king's authority and promoting personal responsibility through commandments.

The Torah presents an ideal model where individuals uphold justice and social repair out of fear of God, rather than fear of a monarch. This vision, exemplified in the Book of Judges, expects a high level of personal and communal responsibility, suggesting that a king is not absolutely necessary for social order.

However, historical experience showed that the absence of central authority led to disorder and exploitation, prompting the reluctant appointment of Israel's first king. Over time, various forms of governance, including democracy, have been adopted to maintain social order and foster compassion.

Despite practical challenges, Elstein argues that the utopian goal of a society governed by direct divine rule and mutual support remains a guiding vision, encouraging the pursuit of a just and moral community without reliance on external coercion.