A clandestine network of activists is smuggling Starlink satellite internet terminals into Iran to help people bypass one of the longest-running national internet shutdowns in the world. The blackout began after airstrikes by the United States and Israel in late February, following earlier restrictions imposed during a deadly crackdown on nationwide protests. Authorities say the shutdown is necessary for security, but activists argue it is designed to silence dissent and control information.

The satellite terminals, produced by Elon Musk’s SpaceX, allow users to connect directly to satellites and avoid Iran’s tightly controlled domestic network. Despite a 2024 law making the possession or distribution of the devices punishable by prison sentences of up to ten years, demand has continued to grow. Human rights groups estimate that tens of thousands of terminals are now in the country, though arrests linked to their use are increasing.

Activists involved in the smuggling effort say the equipment is funded by Iranians abroad and distributed to people who can share information with the outside world. They argue that during previous shutdowns, evidence of killings and abuses still emerged because some citizens retained satellite access. Digital rights advocates warn that communications blackouts violate human rights and are becoming more common globally, while Iran’s government maintains that restrictions are temporary and necessary for national security.